{"id":12051,"date":"2022-08-10T16:16:31","date_gmt":"2022-08-10T06:16:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/?p=12051"},"modified":"2022-08-10T16:16:31","modified_gmt":"2022-08-10T06:16:31","slug":"how-neoliberalism-became-an-insult-in-australian-politics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/2022\/08\/10\/how-neoliberalism-became-an-insult-in-australian-politics\/","title":{"rendered":"How \u2018neoliberalism\u2019 became an insult in Australian politics"},"content":{"rendered":"

The much-debated term \u2018neoliberalism\u2019 again entered the political debate last week, with Greens leader Adam Bandt using a National Press Club speech to decry neoliberalism in the Labor Party.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bandt <\/span>claimed<\/span><\/a> that since the Keating and Hawke governments, Labor has adopted neoliberalism by \u201cprivatising public services, cutting taxes for the wealthy and adopting more austerity\u201d. Keating <\/span>hit back<\/span><\/a>, calling Bandt \u201ca bounder and distorter of political truth\u201d, angrily rejecting suggestions that Medicare and compulsory superannuation could be related to \u2018conservative neoliberalism\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bandt\u2019s speech reflects a more general trend in which \u2018neoliberalism\u2019 is used as an insult or political swearword. Even in academic debates, the usefulness of the term has been questioned, with recent articles describing neoliberalism as \u201c<\/span>a conceptual trash heap<\/span><\/a>\u201d, \u201c<\/span>hopelessly confused<\/span><\/a>\u201d and \u201cso baggy and unclear that it <\/span>means almost nothing<\/span><\/a>\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, that does not mean it should be abandoned altogether. Many key political terms such as democracy, populism and justice also contain competing and sometimes contradictory meanings. In arriving at a working definition of neoliberalism, it is helpful to consult the writings of those who developed the body of thought.<\/span><\/p>\n

Most scholars agree the origins of neoliberalism can be traced to the <\/span>Mont Pelerin Society<\/span><\/a>, an academic organisation founded in 1947 by Austrian\u2013British economist and philosopher Friedrich von Hayek. The group counted among its members leading neoliberal thinkers such as Milton Friedman, Ludwig von Mises, and James Buchanan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Contrary to the popular caricature of neoliberalism as a free market, anti-state ideology, these early neoliberal thinkers developed a political and economic philosophy that attempted to combine governments and markets.<\/span><\/p>\n

Where the classical liberals of the 19th century favoured a non-interventionist, <\/span>laissez-faire<\/span><\/i> approach to economic policy, the key aim of neoliberalism was to recognise that functioning markets must be actively created and maintained by an interventionist state. Neoliberal thinkers argued the chief role of government was to create and enforce the rules of the marketplace.<\/span><\/p>\n

The ideas of the Mont Pelerin Society entered the political mainstream most prominently in the 1980s under the governments of Margaret Thatcher in the UK and Ronald Reagan in the US. Their policies included privatisation of government owned industries, extensive tax cuts, and creating more \u201cflexible\u201d labour markets by restricting the power of trade unions.<\/span><\/p>\n

In Australia, many of the key reforms of the Hawke-Keating government utilised neoliberal logic to mixed results. For instance, Keating\u2019s signature compulsory superannuation policy replaced the universal pension with a market-oriented system of private savings, allowing workers to gain a share of rising profits on the stock market.<\/span><\/p>\n

But the system also exposed workers to market downturns. This was most evident during the global financial crisis of 2008, when losses of A$160 billion forced many older Australians to <\/span>postpone retirement<\/span><\/a> or even return to work.<\/span><\/p>\n

Neoliberal thinkers argued the chief role of government was to create and enforce the rules of the marketplace.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The superannuation system also reinforces the gender pay gap. Men hold on average <\/span>42% more in superannuation<\/span><\/a> savings than women, significantly increasing vulnerability to poverty for older women. Keating was also responsible for repeated privatisations, including the sales of Qantas and the Commonwealth Bank, and broader deregulation of the financial sector which further expanded the scope of the market.<\/span><\/p>\n

But the Hawke-Keating government was not entirely neoliberal, most notably in its expansion of Medicare. Their relationship with <\/span>trade unions<\/span><\/a> was also different from the combative stance adopted by Thatcher and Reagan in their countries.<\/span><\/p>\n

Taken together, the legacy of these different reforms is complex. However, the Hawke-Keating government was clearly guided by a neoliberal desire to expand the scope of the market.<\/span><\/p>\n

Neoliberalism in Australia would intensify under coalition government of John Howard \u2013 a card-carrying member of the Mont Pelerin Society and Prime Minister from 1996 to 2007. He did this through <\/span>continued<\/span><\/a> privatisation of state assets and deregulation of the financial sector.<\/span><\/p>\n

Early indications suggest the current Labor government is likely to maintain some market-oriented policies. The refusal to increase JobSeeker payments for unemployed Australians is guided by a neoliberal belief that individuals should attain their basic needs through the market.<\/span><\/p>\n

And while the exact details of how the government intends to meet its <\/span>2030 emissions reduction target<\/span><\/a> are still forthcoming, a market-based approach again seems likely.<\/span><\/p>\n

Though some may recoil at the neoliberal label they associate primarily with the political right, recent history suggests the neoliberal system has been and will likely remain a bipartisan standard in Australia.<\/span><\/p>\n

This article was originally published in <\/i><\/b>The Conversation<\/b><\/a>. It is republished under Creative Commons.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Photo by <\/i><\/b>Melody Ayres-Griffiths<\/i><\/b><\/a> on Flickr.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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