{"id":11439,"date":"2022-03-20T22:00:19","date_gmt":"2022-03-20T11:00:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/?p=11439"},"modified":"2022-07-22T00:25:17","modified_gmt":"2022-07-21T14:25:17","slug":"why-we-trust-experts-even-when-they-admit-they-dont-know-the-answer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/2022\/03\/20\/why-we-trust-experts-even-when-they-admit-they-dont-know-the-answer\/","title":{"rendered":"Why we trust experts \u2013 even when they admit they don\u2019t know the answer"},"content":{"rendered":"

We constantly make decisions about who to trust.<\/span><\/p>\n

Much of the time we\u2019re bombarded with massive amounts of information on all sorts of different subjects, from science and health, to social issues, economics and politics. But no matter how hard we try \u2013 or brilliant we are \u2013 none of us can understand everything, and correctly assess the risks associated with the issues affecting ourselves and our communities.<\/span><\/p>\n

We have no choice but defer to others, and the decisions we make about a person\u2019s or organisation\u2019s trustworthiness can play a huge part in our health and mental wellbeing. In some situations, such as whether to take a vaccine, it can be a matter of life or death.<\/span><\/p>\n

During the pandemic, researchers conducted a series of large surveys investigating which factors were linked to vaccine hesitancy. One survey questioned <\/span>more than 8,000<\/span><\/a> Americans in five different states, another <\/span>almost 7,000 individuals<\/span><\/a> in 23 countries and a final one included over 120,000 respondents in <\/span>126 countries<\/span><\/a>. They all found that <\/span>trust in science<\/span><\/a> was a key factor in determining whether people intended to be vaccinated.<\/span><\/p>\n

But what influenced this trust in science? Researchers on \u201cepistemic trust\u201d \u2013 which is our trust in someone as a knowledgeable source of information \u2013 have <\/span>identified three main factors<\/span><\/a> which we use to determine trustworthiness: how we perceive an expert\u2019s level of expertise, integrity and benevolence (concern and care for society).<\/span><\/p>\n

A recent <\/span>study in Germany<\/span><\/a> measured trust in science throughout the pandemic, and the factors affecting it. By analysing data from four surveys done at different points in time, and involving over 900 respondents, the researchers found that trust in science increased substantially after the pandemic began \u2013 and it was mainly due to positive assumptions about the scientists\u2019 expertise in their field.<\/span><\/p>\n

In contrast, the most pronounced reason for distrusting the scientists was a perceived lack of benevolence because scientists are often dependent on the funders of their research. So, the researchers recommended that science communication emphasised the good intentions, values and independence of the scientists.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the UK, <\/span>72% of people<\/span><\/a> reported a high level of trust towards scientists during the pandemic, compared to 52% towards the government. Although no studies specifically investigated perceptions of the scientists\u2019 expertise, integrity and benevolence, <\/span>negative attitudes<\/span><\/a> towards the vaccine were mainly caused by lack of trust in the benefits of vaccination and concerns about future unforeseen side effects.<\/span><\/p>\n

It\u2019s okay to say \u201cI don\u2019t know\u201d<\/b><\/h3>\n

Many of us, whatever our field of work, fear that showing uncertainty can damage our image \u2013 and we may compensate by expressing overconfidence in an attempt to win trust. This strategy has been seen from university <\/span>press officers<\/span><\/a> when writing about the findings of academic research \u2013 and also from some public health officials when communicating to the public <\/span>during the pandemic<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

But some studies show that while confident advisors are judged more favourably, people <\/span>do not inherently dislike<\/span><\/a> uncertain advice. In fact, when faced with an explicit choice, people were more likely to choose an advisor who provided uncertain advice (by providing a range of outcomes, probabilities or saying that one event is \u201cmore likely\u201d than another) over an advisor who provided certain advice with no doubts.<\/span><\/p>\n

It seems that advisors benefit from expressing themselves with confidence, but not from communicating false certainty.<\/span><\/p>\n

In many situations, people are willing to trust those who can admit they don\u2019t have a definitive answer. Good news come from recent experimental studies on <\/span>physician\u2013patient interactions<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>witness credibility<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>science communication<\/span><\/a> which found that communicating uncertainty and even admitting our mistakes is <\/span>not detrimental<\/span><\/a> and can even <\/span>be beneficial<\/span><\/a> to trustworthiness.<\/span><\/p>\n

So, failure in \u201cexpertise\u201d <\/span>can be compensated<\/span><\/a> by higher integrity and benevolence. When communicating uncertainties in a transparent way, we are perceived as <\/span>less biased<\/span><\/a> and willing to tell the truth.<\/span><\/p>\n

There\u2019s a neurological basis<\/b><\/h3>\n

Another characteristic of trustworthiness is that it can also be weakened by what is known as \u201cguilt by association\u201d (you can be judged by the company you keep) \u2013 or <\/span>moral contagion<\/span><\/a> \u2013 the psychological mechanism behind that belief.<\/span><\/p>\n

There\u2019s a saying that a spoonful of tar can spoil a barrel of honey. And in fact, the food analogy makes some sense.<\/span><\/p>\n

It is believed that throughout evolution, our disgust mechanisms, originally evolved to assess contamination and avoid disease from rotton or soiled food, also started to <\/span>assess people<\/span><\/a>. Our disgust reaction – when disgusted by people\u2019s untrustworthy behaviour – is the same neurologically as our disgust reaction if food is off.<\/span><\/p>\n

In support of this hypothesis, both disgust in food and moral judgement activate the same areas <\/span>of the brain<\/span><\/a> and the same <\/span>facial muscles<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Interestingly, our disgust sensitivity (how easily we are disgusted) does indeed show a <\/span>positive association<\/span><\/a> with our level of distrust in others. In other words, if we are inclined to worry about pathogens on food, we\u2019ll also be inclined have a lower level of social trust and feel that most people should be avoided.<\/span><\/p>\n

But it is still unclear how this psychological process of \u201cmoral contagion\u201d can affect our trust towards many organisations or individuals allegedly collaborating closely with each other, such as scientists, government, pharmaceutical corporations, universities and international bodies during the pandemic. In such a melting pot of organisations, it will depend on the groups we feel drawn to, and our personal sensitivities to misconducts <\/span>such as lies<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>political scandals<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>conflict of interests<\/span><\/a> or <\/span>nepotism<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the current climate, any person or institution who genuinely wants to be trusted should work on communicating their expertise, honesty and benevolence \u2013 and encourage those they work with to do the same.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

This article was originally published on <\/i><\/b>The Conversation<\/b><\/a>. It is republished under Creative Commons.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Photo by Vlad Tchompalov<\/a> on Unsplash.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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