{"id":11052,"date":"2022-01-04T13:36:40","date_gmt":"2022-01-04T02:36:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/?p=11052"},"modified":"2022-09-07T22:54:16","modified_gmt":"2022-09-07T12:54:16","slug":"has-the-pandemic-fundamentally-changed-our-ethics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/2022\/01\/04\/has-the-pandemic-fundamentally-changed-our-ethics\/","title":{"rendered":"Has the pandemic fundamentally changed our ethics?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over the past two years, our lives have changed in unprecedented ways. In the face of the pandemic, we have been required to obey demanding new rules and accept new risks, making enormous changes to our daily lives.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These disruptions can challenge us to think differently about ethics \u2013 about what we owe each other.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As we head into the third year of the pandemic, debates continue to rage over the ethics of vaccine mandates, restrictions on civil liberties, the limits of government power and the inequitable distribution of vaccines globally.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With so much disagreement over questions like these, has the pandemic fundamentally changed the way we think about ethics?<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Ethics became more visible<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In daily life, ethical decision-making often isn\u2019t front of mind. We can often just coast along.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the pandemic changed all that. It highlighted our human inter-connectedness and the effects of our actions on others. It made us re-litigate the basic rules of life: whether we could work or study, where we could go, who we could visit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because the rules were being rewritten, we had to work out where we stood on all manner of questions:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is it OK \u2013 or even obligatory \u2013 to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/5-questions-to-ask-yourself-before-you-dob-advice-for-adults-and-kids-from-an-ethicist-167789\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cdob\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on rule-breakers?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is it morally wrong to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/acting-selfishly-has-consequences-right-now-why-ethical-decision-making-is-imperative-in-the-coronavirus-crisis-134350\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ignore social distancing rules<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-refusing-the-covid-19-vaccine-isnt-just-immoral-its-un-american-165564\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">refuse a newly developed vaccine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How far can our freedoms be rightly restricted in the name of the public interest and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/radionational\/programs\/theminefield\/has-the-pandemic-shown-the-unassailability-of-utilitarianism-%E2%80%94\/13574254\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the greater good<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At times, politicians tried to downplay these ethically-loaded questions by insisting they were \u201cjust following the science\u201d. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2020\/apr\/28\/theres-no-such-thing-just-following-the-science-coronavirus-advice-political\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But there is no such thing<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Even where the science is incontrovertible, political decision-making is unavoidably informed by value judgements about fairness, life, rights, safety and freedom.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ultimately, the pandemic made ethical thinking and discussion more common than ever \u2013 a change that might well outlast the virus itself. This might itself be a benefit, encouraging us to think more critically about our moral assumptions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Who to trust?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trust has always been morally important. However, the pandemic moved questions of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2020\/apr\/28\/theres-no-such-thing-just-following-the-science-coronavirus-advice-political\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">trust<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the very centre of everyday decision-making.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We all had to make judgments about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/public-trust-in-the-governments-covid-response-is-slowly-eroding-heres-how-to-get-it-back-on-track-163722\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">government<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/118\/40\/e2108576118\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">scientists<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/graphic-detail\/2021\/06\/28\/trust-in-the-media-has-increased-in-the-past-year\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">news and journalists<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/big-pharmas-covid-19-reputation-boost-may-not-last-heres-why-162975\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cbig pharma\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/covid-19-is-prompting-more-people-to-head-to-trusted-mainstream-news-sites-for-information-new-research-164278\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">social media<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The stance we take on the trustworthiness of people we\u2019ve never met turns out to be pivotal to the rules we will accept.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One good thing about trustworthiness is that it\u2019s testable. Over time, evidence may confirm or refute the hypothesis that, say, the government is trustworthy about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/enhancing-public-trust-in-covid-19-vaccination-the-role-of-governments-eae0ec5a\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vaccine health advice<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> but untrustworthy about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/science\/2020-04-27\/covidsafe-contact-tracing-app-coronavirus-privacy-security\/12186044\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cyber privacy protections<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in contract tracing apps.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perhaps more importantly, one common concern throughout the pandemic was the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/initiatives-and-programs\/covid-19-vaccines\/is-it-true\/is-it-true-were-covid-19-vaccines-developed-too-quickly-to-be-safe\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">unprecedented speed<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with which the vaccines were developed and approved. As the evidence for their safety and effectiveness continues to mount, quickly developed vaccines may be more readily trusted when the next health emergency strikes.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Legitimacy, time and executive power<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When we\u2019re thinking about the ethics of a law or rule, there are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/news.griffith.edu.au\/2019\/09\/09\/the-threats-and-promises-of-multidimensional-legitimacy\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lots of questions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> we can ask.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is it fair? Does it work? Were we consulted about it? Can we understand it? Does it treat us like adults? Is it enforced appropriately?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the context of a pandemic, it turns out that delivering good answers to these questions requires a crucial resource: time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The development of inclusive, informed, nuanced and fair rules is hard when swift responses are needed. It\u2019s even more challenging when our understanding of the situation \u2013 and the situation itself \u2013 changes rapidly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This doesn\u2019t excuse shoddy political decision-making. But it does mean leaders can be forced to make hard decisions where there are no ethically sound alternatives on offer. When they do, the rest of us must cope with living in a deeply imperfect moral world.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All of this raises important questions for the future. Will we have become so inured to executive rule that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/victorias-draft-pandemic-law-is-missing-one-critical-element-stronger-oversight-of-the-governments-decisions-170623\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">governments feel confident<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in restricting our liberties and resist relinquishing their power?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On a different front, given the enormous costs and disruptions governments have imposed on the public to combat the pandemic, is there now a clearer moral obligation to marshal similar resources to combat <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unpri.org\/pri-blog\/a-pandemic-was-near-inevitable-so-too-is-climate-driven-disruption\/5830.article\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">slow-motion catastrophes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> like climate change?<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Ethics and expectations<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expectations, in the form of predictions about the future, are rarely at the forefront of our ethical thinking.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yet as the 18th century philosopher <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/bentham\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jeremy Bentham<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> argued, disruption is inherently ethically challenging because people build their lives around their expectations. We make decisions, investments and plans based on our expectations, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3214302\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">adapt our preferences<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> around them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When those expectations are violated, we can experience not only material losses, but losses to our autonomy and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/self-efficacy.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cself efficacy\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 or our perceived ability to navigate the world.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This plays out in several ways in the context of vaccine mandates.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, it\u2019s not a crime to have strange beliefs and odd values, so long as you still follow the relevant rules. But this creates problems when a new type of regulation is imposed on an occupation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A person with strong anti-vaccination beliefs (or even just vaccine hesitancy) arguably should never become a nurse or doctor. But they may well expect their views to be a non-issue if they are a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-11-10\/unnamed-carlton-afl-player-refusing-to-take-covid-19-vaccine\/100608030\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">footballer<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gippslandtimes.com.au\/news\/2021\/09\/20\/construction-workers-thursday-deadline-for-vaccination\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">construction worker<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While there are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/religion\/is-mandatory-covid-19-vaccination-ethical\/13570672\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">powerful ethical reasons supporting vaccine mandates<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the shattering of people\u2019s life expectations nevertheless carries profound costs. Some people may be removed from careers they built their lives around. Others may have lost the sense their future is able to be predicted, and their lives are in their control.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>What does the future hold?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s possible current social shifts will \u2018snap back\u2019 once the threat recedes. Emergency situations, like pandemics and war, can have their own logic, driven by high stakes and the sacrifices necessary to confront them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Equally though, learned lessons and ingrained habits of thought can persist beyond the crucibles that forged them. Only time will tell which changes will endure \u2013 and whether those changes make our society better or worse.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>This article was originally published on <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/has-the-pandemic-fundamentally-changed-our-ethics-171304\">The Conversation<\/a><i>.<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Photo by <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/fRsGpNMK394\"><i>\u00d6nder \u00d6rtel<\/i><\/a><i> on Unsplash.<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Over the past two years, our lives have changed in unprecedented ways. In the face of the pandemic, we have<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":488,"featured_media":11053,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[354],"coauthors":[202],"class_list":["post-11052","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics-religion","tag-covid"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11052","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/488"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11052"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11052\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11056,"href":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11052\/revisions\/11056"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11053"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11052"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11052"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11052"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rationalemagazine.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=11052"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}